However, these tasks are non-trivial, and traditional methods in epigraphy involve highly complex, time-consuming and specialized workflows. These three tasks are crucial steps towards placing an inscription both in history and within the world of the people who wrote and read it 6, 7. 1), and establish the original place and date of writing, tasks known as geographical attribution and chronological attribution, respectively 5. Specialist epigraphers must then reconstruct the missing text, a process known as text restoration (Fig. Inscriptions may also be moved or trafficked far from their original location 4, and radiocarbon dating is unusable owing to the inorganic nature of most inscribed supports. Thousands of inscriptions have survived to our time, but many have been damaged over the centuries and their texts are now fragmentary. This research shows how models such as Ithaca can unlock the cooperative potential between artificial intelligence and historians, transformationally impacting the way that we study and write about one of the most important periods in human history.Įpigraphy is the study of texts-inscriptions-written directly on durable materials (stone, pottery, metal) by individuals, groups and institutions of the ancient world 2, 3.
Ithaca can attribute inscriptions to their original location with an accuracy of 71% and can date them to less than 30 years of their ground-truth ranges, redating key texts of Classical Athens and contributing to topical debates in ancient history. While Ithaca alone achieves 62% accuracy when restoring damaged texts, the use of Ithaca by historians improved their accuracy from 25% to 72%, confirming the synergistic effect of this research tool. The architecture of Ithaca focuses on collaboration, decision support and interpretability. Ithaca is designed to assist and expand the historian’s workflow. Here we present Ithaca, a deep neural network for the textual restoration, geographical attribution and chronological attribution of ancient Greek inscriptions. However, over the centuries, many inscriptions have been damaged to the point of illegibility, transported far from their original location and their date of writing is steeped in uncertainty.
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